Equatorial Forest of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Ekonda (sub-group of the Mongo)

Rafia and metal-brass 
Early 20th century
Height: 21 in; Diameter: 8.5 in
Other – Regalia – Headdress

The Ekonda, a sub-group of the Mongo, are an agrarian people who live in the equatorial forest of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This multi-tiered hat woven from vegetal fibers is called a ‘Botolo’(‘lofanza’) hat.  As a crucial component of the Ekonda chief’s (known as nkumu) attire, it was worn during public ceremonies, divinations, and other activities related to the spiritual well-being of his community.  

Featured in front of the nine circular brims molded in a pagoda-formed tower, is a brass (or copper) disk attached from the base. The primary function of the disc is to represent wealth and prestige for its wearer.  This disc has symbolic designs embossed around the rim.  During cultural rituals, these hats would often be treated with a combination of camwood powder and oil, which renders a deep, crimson hue to its surface. The ‘botolo’ is considered one of the most prestigious items to be worn by the chief (nkumu) and is passed down to successors.

References: Biebuyck, Daniel P. and Nelly Van Den Abbeele. 1984. The Power Of Headdresses, Brussels: Tendi.;    Perani, Judith. 1997. “Crowning Achievements: African Arts of Dressing the Head.” Journal of African Arts. Vol. 30, No. 2.